Naujausi A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T V W Y Z
Pavadinimas: WHEN DID I BEGIN? COCEPTION OF THE HUMAN INDIVIDUAL IN HISTORY, PHILOSOPHY AND SCIENCE
Autoriai: NORMAN M. FORD
Metai:
ISBN: 0-521-42428-3
Brūkšninis kodas: 4202187
Ieškoti VUB kataloge
Anotacija:
Foreword by Mary Warnock ix
Preface xi
1 Why did I write this book? xi
2 Methodology xiii
3 Outline of treatment xiii
4 Acknowledgements xviii
1 Introduction 1
1 Interest in the beginning of the human individual: the purpose of this book 1
2 Moral status of the human embryo in government reports 4
3 Problems of language 7
4 Considerations of method 12
(i) A case for philosophical induction 12
(ii) Philosophical conclusions to be based on scientific embryology 14
(iii) An inter-disciplinary task and its challenges 15
2 historical influences of Aristotle on the theory of human reproduction 19
1 Why a return to Aristotle? 19
2 Philosophical underpinnings of Aristotle’s theory of human reproduction 21
3 Aristotle’s biology of human reproduction 25
4 Aristotle’s philosophical theory of human reproduction 28
5 Aristotle’s heritage and its unanswered questions 36
6 Aristotle’s influence on Aquinas and Christendom 39
7 Harvey’s refutation of Aristotle’s biology of human reproduction 43
8 Decline of Aristotle’s theory of human reproduction 47
9 Revival of Aquinas version of Aristotle’s theory of human reproduction 51
10 The Bible and the question of when a human being begins 52
11 The catholic position on when a human being begins 57
12 Conclusion 64
3 Criteria for being a human individual 65
1 Ordinary knowledge of human individuals 65
2 Personalist understanding of the human individual 68
3 Metaphysical understanding of the human individual 72
4 The same human individual as an adult or infant person 75
5 The human individual prior to birth 79
6 The traditional concept of person 84
7 Criteria for the presence of a human individual 84
8 The concept of an ontological individual 86
9 The concept of a living ontological individual 91
10 A potential person 96
11 The task ahead 99
4 Fertilization and the beginning of a human individual 102
1 Fertilization 102
2 The case for a human individual beginning at fertilization 108
3 The case against a human individual beginning at fertilization 116
(i) Genetic and ontological individuality 117
(ii) Identical twinning in the zygote 119
(iii) The zygote as a human individual in potency 122
(iv) The life process of the zygote and personhood 124
(v) Biological human nature and ontological human individuation 126
(vi) Philosophical theories and biological facts 129
5 Implantation and the beginning of the human individual 132
1 The human individual not present during the early cleavage stage 132
(i) Possibility of identical twinning during the early cleavage stage 132
(ii) Lack of unity in the early human embryo 137
(iii) Animal experiments suggest absence of unity and actual determination for the ontological human individual in the early embryo 139
2 The human individual not present during the morula stage 146
3 Parthenogenesis and the human individual 149
The human individual not present before completion of implantation 151
(i) Biological facts of the blastocyst stage 151
(ii) A distinct individual not formed prior to early differentiation of the blastocyst 156
(iii) Animal experiments show insufficient actual determination of the late blastocyst to be a distinct individual 158
6 The human individual begins after implantation
1 Distinctive development of Eutherian mammalian embryos 164
2 The human individual formed by the stage of gastrulation 168
3 The human individual begins at the primitive-streak stage 170
4 Significance of government reports 177
5 Relevance of natural pregnancy losses 180
6 Conclusion 181
Appendixes 183
I Timetable of human prenatal development up to the end of week 2 184
II Timetable of human prenatal development: weeks 3 to 6 185
III Timetable of human prenatal development: weeks 7 to 10 186
Notes 187
Glossary 210
Index 214
Autoriai: NORMAN M. FORD
Metai:
ISBN: 0-521-42428-3
Brūkšninis kodas: 4202187
Ieškoti VUB kataloge
Anotacija:
"When did I begin? is, without doubt, a most important contribution to the determination of the moment at which the human individual begins accessible to anyone wishing to take an intelligent interest in its subject." - John Keefe in Month.
Foreword by Mary Warnock ix
Preface xi
1 Why did I write this book? xi
2 Methodology xiii
3 Outline of treatment xiii
4 Acknowledgements xviii
1 Introduction 1
1 Interest in the beginning of the human individual: the purpose of this book 1
2 Moral status of the human embryo in government reports 4
3 Problems of language 7
4 Considerations of method 12
(i) A case for philosophical induction 12
(ii) Philosophical conclusions to be based on scientific embryology 14
(iii) An inter-disciplinary task and its challenges 15
2 historical influences of Aristotle on the theory of human reproduction 19
1 Why a return to Aristotle? 19
2 Philosophical underpinnings of Aristotle’s theory of human reproduction 21
3 Aristotle’s biology of human reproduction 25
4 Aristotle’s philosophical theory of human reproduction 28
5 Aristotle’s heritage and its unanswered questions 36
6 Aristotle’s influence on Aquinas and Christendom 39
7 Harvey’s refutation of Aristotle’s biology of human reproduction 43
8 Decline of Aristotle’s theory of human reproduction 47
9 Revival of Aquinas version of Aristotle’s theory of human reproduction 51
10 The Bible and the question of when a human being begins 52
11 The catholic position on when a human being begins 57
12 Conclusion 64
3 Criteria for being a human individual 65
1 Ordinary knowledge of human individuals 65
2 Personalist understanding of the human individual 68
3 Metaphysical understanding of the human individual 72
4 The same human individual as an adult or infant person 75
5 The human individual prior to birth 79
6 The traditional concept of person 84
7 Criteria for the presence of a human individual 84
8 The concept of an ontological individual 86
9 The concept of a living ontological individual 91
10 A potential person 96
11 The task ahead 99
4 Fertilization and the beginning of a human individual 102
1 Fertilization 102
2 The case for a human individual beginning at fertilization 108
3 The case against a human individual beginning at fertilization 116
(i) Genetic and ontological individuality 117
(ii) Identical twinning in the zygote 119
(iii) The zygote as a human individual in potency 122
(iv) The life process of the zygote and personhood 124
(v) Biological human nature and ontological human individuation 126
(vi) Philosophical theories and biological facts 129
5 Implantation and the beginning of the human individual 132
1 The human individual not present during the early cleavage stage 132
(i) Possibility of identical twinning during the early cleavage stage 132
(ii) Lack of unity in the early human embryo 137
(iii) Animal experiments suggest absence of unity and actual determination for the ontological human individual in the early embryo 139
2 The human individual not present during the morula stage 146
3 Parthenogenesis and the human individual 149
The human individual not present before completion of implantation 151
(i) Biological facts of the blastocyst stage 151
(ii) A distinct individual not formed prior to early differentiation of the blastocyst 156
(iii) Animal experiments show insufficient actual determination of the late blastocyst to be a distinct individual 158
6 The human individual begins after implantation
1 Distinctive development of Eutherian mammalian embryos 164
2 The human individual formed by the stage of gastrulation 168
3 The human individual begins at the primitive-streak stage 170
4 Significance of government reports 177
5 Relevance of natural pregnancy losses 180
6 Conclusion 181
Appendixes 183
I Timetable of human prenatal development up to the end of week 2 184
II Timetable of human prenatal development: weeks 3 to 6 185
III Timetable of human prenatal development: weeks 7 to 10 186
Notes 187
Glossary 210
Index 214
