Naujausi A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T V W Y Z
Pavadinimas: BIOMEDICAL ETHICS
Autoriai: THOMAS A. MAPPES JANE S. ZEMBATY
Metai:
ISBN: 0-07-040126-8
Brūkšninis kodas: 4036691
Ieškoti VUB kataloge
Anotacija:
Preface xiii
CHAPTER 1. BIOMEDICAL ETHICS AND ETHICAL THEORY 1
The nature of biomedical ethics 1
Ethical theories 4
The critical assessment of competing ethical theories 4
Teleological versus deontological theories 5
Act-Utilitarianism 7
Rule-Utilitarianism 12
Kantian deontology 16
W.D. Ross`s theory of prima facie duties 21
Relevant concepts and principles 24
Autonomy 25
Liberty-limiting principles 30
Paternalism 31
The language of rights 36
The resolution of moral disagreements 41
Notes 41
Annotated bibliography 43
Appendix: Selected reference sources in biomedical ethics 44
CHAPTER 2. PHYSICIANS` OBLIGATIONS AND PATIENTS` RIGHTS 45
Codes of medical ethics
The Hippocratic oath 53
American Medical Association, Principles of medical ethics (1980) 54
Physician-patient models and patient autonomy
Robert M. Veatch, Models for ethical medicine in a revolutionary age 55
Tom L. Beauchamp and Laurence B. McCullough,
Two models of moral responsibility in medicine 59
Terrence F. Ackerman, Why doctors should intervene 67
Truth-telling
Mack Lipkin, On lying to patients 72
Sissela Bok, Lies to the sick and dying 74
Joseph S. Ellin, Lying and deception: The solution to a dilemma in medical ethics 81
Informed consent
Judge Spotswood W. Robinson III, Opinion in Canterbury v. Spence 88
President’s commission for the study of ethical problems in medicine and biomedical
and behavioral research, The values underlying informed consent 92
James F. Drane, The many faces of competency 98
Charles W. Lidz, Paul S. Appelbaum, and Alan Meisel,
Two models of implementing informed consent 106
Physicians` duty to treat
Edmund D. Pellegrino, Altruism, Self-interest, and Medical ethics 113
John D. Arras, AIDS and the duty to treat 115
Conflicts of obligations
Edmund D. Pellegrino and David C. Thomasma, The physician as gatekeeper 122
Annotated bibliography 128
CHAPTER 3. PROFESSIONALS` OBLIGATIONS, INSTITUTIONS, AND PATIENT`S RIGHTS 131
Hospitals and patient’s rights
American hospital association, A patient’s bill of rights 135
George J. Annas, The emerging stowaway, patients` rights in the 1980s 137
Nurses` obligations and patients` rights
American nurses` association code for nurses 142
Sheri Smith, Three models of the nurse-patient relationship 143
E. Joy Kroeger Mappes,
Ethical dilemmas for nurses: Physicians` orders versus patients` rights 150
Marsha D.M. Fowler, The nurse’s role: Responsibilities and rights 157
Confidentiality
LeRoy Walters, The principles of medical confidentiality 162
Justice Mathew O. Tobriner,
Majority opinion in Tarasoff v. regents of the University of California 165
William P. Clark,
Dissenting opinion in Tarasoff v. regents of the University of California 170
Morton E. Winston, AIDS, confidentiality, and the right to know 173
Mark Siegler, Confidentiality in medicine – a decrepit concept 181
Hospital ethics committees
Mark Siegler, Ethics committees: Decisions by Bureaucracy 184
Bernard Lo, Behind closed doors: Promises and pitfalls of ethics committees 187
Autonomy and the rights of geriatric patients
Ruth Macklin, The geriatric patient: Ethical issues in care and treatment 192
Marshall B. Kapp, Medical empowerment of the elderly annotated bibliography 201
CHAPTER 4. ETHICAL ISSUES IN HUMAN AND ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION 204
Ethical codes
The Nuremberg Code 210
World Medical Association, Declaration of Helsinki 211
The justifiability of experimentation using human subjects
Maurice B. Visscher, Medical research on human subjects as a moral imperative 213
Hans Jonas, Philosophical reflections on experimenting with human subjects 215
Informed consent and proxy consent
Franz J. Ingelfinger, Informed (but uneducated) consent 220
Paul Ramsey,
Consent as a canon of loyalty with special reference to children in medical investigations 222
Barry F. Brown, Proxy consent for research on the incompetent elderly 224
Experimental design and random clinical trials
Bruce Miller, The ethics of random clinical trials 231
Paul S. Appelbaum, Loren H. Roth, Charles W. Lidz, Paul Benson, and William Winsdale,
False hopes and best data: Consent to research and the therapeutic misconception 239
Animal experimentation
Arthur L. Caplan, Beastly conduct: Ethical issues in animal experimentation 246
Annotated bibliography 254
CHAPTER 5. ETHICAL ISSUES REGARDING THE MENTALLY ILL AND THE MENTALLY REATARDED 257
The concept of mental illness
Thomas S. Szasz, The myth of mental illness 263
Rem B. Edwards, Mental health as rational autonomy 269
Involuntary civil commitment and deinstitutionalization
Justice Potter Stewart, Majority opinion in O’Connor v. Donaldson 276
Paul Chodoff, The case for involuntary hospitalization of the mentally ill 279
H. Richard Lamb, Deinstitutionalization at the crossroads 287
Sterilization and the rights of mentally retarded
Robert Neville, Sterilizing the mildly mentally retarded without their consent 295
Elizabeth S. Scott, Current sterilization law: A paternalism model 298
Eric T. Juengst and Ronald A. Siegel
Subtracting injury from insult: Ethical issues in the use of pharmaceutical
implants 301
International League of Societies for the mentally handicapped,
Declaration of general and special rights of the mentally retarded 306
Annotated bibliography 307
CHAPTER 6. SUICIDE AND THE REFUSAL OF LIFE-SUSTAINING TREATMENT 310
The morality of suicide
Immanuel Kant, Suicide 316
R.B. Brandt, The morality and rationality of suicide 319
Suicide intervention
David F. Greenberg, Interference with a suicide attempt 326
The refusal of life-sustaining treatment
Ruth Macklin, Consent, coercion, and conflicts of rights 330
M. Pabst Battin, The least worst death 336
President’s Commission for the study of ethical problems in medicine and biomedical
and behavioral research,
Resuscitation decisions for hospitalized patients 341
Treatment decisions for incompetent adults
Hastings Center Project Group on the termination of treatment,
Identifying the Key Decision Maker and Making the Decision 346
John D. Arras,
The severely demented, minimally functional patient: An ethical analysis 351
Annotated bibliography 359
CHAPTER 7. EUTHANASIA AND THE DEFINITION OF DEATH 361
The morality of active euthanasia
James Rachels, Active and passive euthanasia 367
Thomas D. Sullivan, Active and passive euthanasia: An impertinent distinction? 371
James Rachels, More impertinent distinctions and a defense of active euthanasia 374
Active euthanasia and social policy
Marcia Angell, Euthanasia 382
Alex Ralph Demac, Thoughts on physician-assisted suicide 384
The definition of death
President’s Commission for the study of ethical problems in medicine and biomedical
and behavioral research,
Why “Update” death? 388
Charles M. Culver and Bernard Gert, The definition and criterion of death 389
Daniel Wikler, The definition of death and persistent vegetative state 397
Nutrition and hydration
Joanne Lynn and James F. Childress,
Must patients always be given food and water? 401
The treatment of impaired infants
H. Tristram Englehardt, Jr., Ethical issues in aiding the death of young children 408
John A. Robertson, Involuntary euthanasia of defective newborns 415
Members of the hasting center research project on the care of impaired newborns,
Standards of judgment for treatment of imperiled newborns 421
Annotated bibliography 424
CHAPTER 8. ABORTION AND MATERNAL/FETAL CONFLICTS 427
The morality of abortion
John T. Noonan, Jr., An almost absolute value in history 434
Mary Anne Warren, On the moral and legal status of abortion 438
Daniel Callahan, Abortion decisions: Personal morality 445
Jane English, Abortion and the concept of a person 447
Abortion and social policy
Justice Harry Blackmun, Majority opinion in Roe v. Wade 453
Justice William H. Rehnquist, Opinion in Webster v. Reproductive Health Services 457
Maternal/Fetal conflicts
Thomas H. Murray, Moral obligations to the not-yet born: The fetus as patient 463
Lawrence J. Nelson and Nancy Milliken,
Compelled medical treatment of pregnant women: Life, liberty, and law in conflict 472
Annotated bibliography 479
CHAPTER 9. GENETICS AND HUMAN REPRODUCTION 481
Reproductive risk, prenatal diagnosis, and selective abortion
L.M. Purdy, Genetic diseases: Can having children be immoral? 488
Leon R. Kass, Implications of prenatal diagnosis for the human right to life 495
Eric T. Juengst, Prenatal diagnosis and the ethics of uncertainty 499
Surrogate motherhood
John A. Robertson, Surrogate mothers: Not so novel after all 507
Herbert T. Krimmel, The case against surrogate parenting 514
Bonnie Steinbock, Baby M 520
Reproductive technologies
Peter Singer, Creating embryos 524
Susan Sherwin, Feminist ethics and In Vitro fertilization 532
LeRoy Walters, Ethical aspects of surrogate embryo transfer 536
Genetic engineering
H.J.J. Leenen, Genetic manipulation with human beings 539
Annotated bibliography 543
CHAPTER 10. JUSTICE AND HEALTH-CARE POLICY 545
Justice, Rights, and Societal obligations
Allen Buchanan, Justice: A philosophical review 552
Kai Nielson, Autonomy, equality and a just Health Care System 562
President’s Commission for the study of ethical problems in medicine and biomedical
ad behavioral research,
An ethical framework for access to Health Care 568
Macroallocation and the problem of rationing
Daniel Callahan, Meeting needs and rationing care 575
Age-Based rationing
James F. Childress, Ensuring care, respect, and fairness for the elderly 581
Daniel Callahan, Aging and the ends of medicine 587
Amitai Etzioni, Spare the old, save the young 593
Robert M. Veatch, Age-based allocation: Discrimination or justice? 596
Microallocation decisions
Nicholas P. Rescher, The allocation of exotic medical lifesaving therapy 598
George Annas,
The prostitute, the playboy, and the poet: Rationing schemes for organ transplantation 608
Policy decisions and individual responsibility for health
Robert M. Veatch, Voluntary risks to health: The ethical issues 613
Annotated bibliography 621
APPENDIX. CASE STUDIES 623
Autoriai: THOMAS A. MAPPES JANE S. ZEMBATY
Metai:
ISBN: 0-07-040126-8
Brūkšninis kodas: 4036691
Ieškoti VUB kataloge
Anotacija:
Preface xiii
CHAPTER 1. BIOMEDICAL ETHICS AND ETHICAL THEORY 1
The nature of biomedical ethics 1
Ethical theories 4
The critical assessment of competing ethical theories 4
Teleological versus deontological theories 5
Act-Utilitarianism 7
Rule-Utilitarianism 12
Kantian deontology 16
W.D. Ross`s theory of prima facie duties 21
Relevant concepts and principles 24
Autonomy 25
Liberty-limiting principles 30
Paternalism 31
The language of rights 36
The resolution of moral disagreements 41
Notes 41
Annotated bibliography 43
Appendix: Selected reference sources in biomedical ethics 44
CHAPTER 2. PHYSICIANS` OBLIGATIONS AND PATIENTS` RIGHTS 45
Codes of medical ethics
The Hippocratic oath 53
American Medical Association, Principles of medical ethics (1980) 54
Physician-patient models and patient autonomy
Robert M. Veatch, Models for ethical medicine in a revolutionary age 55
Tom L. Beauchamp and Laurence B. McCullough,
Two models of moral responsibility in medicine 59
Terrence F. Ackerman, Why doctors should intervene 67
Truth-telling
Mack Lipkin, On lying to patients 72
Sissela Bok, Lies to the sick and dying 74
Joseph S. Ellin, Lying and deception: The solution to a dilemma in medical ethics 81
Informed consent
Judge Spotswood W. Robinson III, Opinion in Canterbury v. Spence 88
President’s commission for the study of ethical problems in medicine and biomedical
and behavioral research, The values underlying informed consent 92
James F. Drane, The many faces of competency 98
Charles W. Lidz, Paul S. Appelbaum, and Alan Meisel,
Two models of implementing informed consent 106
Physicians` duty to treat
Edmund D. Pellegrino, Altruism, Self-interest, and Medical ethics 113
John D. Arras, AIDS and the duty to treat 115
Conflicts of obligations
Edmund D. Pellegrino and David C. Thomasma, The physician as gatekeeper 122
Annotated bibliography 128
CHAPTER 3. PROFESSIONALS` OBLIGATIONS, INSTITUTIONS, AND PATIENT`S RIGHTS 131
Hospitals and patient’s rights
American hospital association, A patient’s bill of rights 135
George J. Annas, The emerging stowaway, patients` rights in the 1980s 137
Nurses` obligations and patients` rights
American nurses` association code for nurses 142
Sheri Smith, Three models of the nurse-patient relationship 143
E. Joy Kroeger Mappes,
Ethical dilemmas for nurses: Physicians` orders versus patients` rights 150
Marsha D.M. Fowler, The nurse’s role: Responsibilities and rights 157
Confidentiality
LeRoy Walters, The principles of medical confidentiality 162
Justice Mathew O. Tobriner,
Majority opinion in Tarasoff v. regents of the University of California 165
William P. Clark,
Dissenting opinion in Tarasoff v. regents of the University of California 170
Morton E. Winston, AIDS, confidentiality, and the right to know 173
Mark Siegler, Confidentiality in medicine – a decrepit concept 181
Hospital ethics committees
Mark Siegler, Ethics committees: Decisions by Bureaucracy 184
Bernard Lo, Behind closed doors: Promises and pitfalls of ethics committees 187
Autonomy and the rights of geriatric patients
Ruth Macklin, The geriatric patient: Ethical issues in care and treatment 192
Marshall B. Kapp, Medical empowerment of the elderly annotated bibliography 201
CHAPTER 4. ETHICAL ISSUES IN HUMAN AND ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION 204
Ethical codes
The Nuremberg Code 210
World Medical Association, Declaration of Helsinki 211
The justifiability of experimentation using human subjects
Maurice B. Visscher, Medical research on human subjects as a moral imperative 213
Hans Jonas, Philosophical reflections on experimenting with human subjects 215
Informed consent and proxy consent
Franz J. Ingelfinger, Informed (but uneducated) consent 220
Paul Ramsey,
Consent as a canon of loyalty with special reference to children in medical investigations 222
Barry F. Brown, Proxy consent for research on the incompetent elderly 224
Experimental design and random clinical trials
Bruce Miller, The ethics of random clinical trials 231
Paul S. Appelbaum, Loren H. Roth, Charles W. Lidz, Paul Benson, and William Winsdale,
False hopes and best data: Consent to research and the therapeutic misconception 239
Animal experimentation
Arthur L. Caplan, Beastly conduct: Ethical issues in animal experimentation 246
Annotated bibliography 254
CHAPTER 5. ETHICAL ISSUES REGARDING THE MENTALLY ILL AND THE MENTALLY REATARDED 257
The concept of mental illness
Thomas S. Szasz, The myth of mental illness 263
Rem B. Edwards, Mental health as rational autonomy 269
Involuntary civil commitment and deinstitutionalization
Justice Potter Stewart, Majority opinion in O’Connor v. Donaldson 276
Paul Chodoff, The case for involuntary hospitalization of the mentally ill 279
H. Richard Lamb, Deinstitutionalization at the crossroads 287
Sterilization and the rights of mentally retarded
Robert Neville, Sterilizing the mildly mentally retarded without their consent 295
Elizabeth S. Scott, Current sterilization law: A paternalism model 298
Eric T. Juengst and Ronald A. Siegel
Subtracting injury from insult: Ethical issues in the use of pharmaceutical
implants 301
International League of Societies for the mentally handicapped,
Declaration of general and special rights of the mentally retarded 306
Annotated bibliography 307
CHAPTER 6. SUICIDE AND THE REFUSAL OF LIFE-SUSTAINING TREATMENT 310
The morality of suicide
Immanuel Kant, Suicide 316
R.B. Brandt, The morality and rationality of suicide 319
Suicide intervention
David F. Greenberg, Interference with a suicide attempt 326
The refusal of life-sustaining treatment
Ruth Macklin, Consent, coercion, and conflicts of rights 330
M. Pabst Battin, The least worst death 336
President’s Commission for the study of ethical problems in medicine and biomedical
and behavioral research,
Resuscitation decisions for hospitalized patients 341
Treatment decisions for incompetent adults
Hastings Center Project Group on the termination of treatment,
Identifying the Key Decision Maker and Making the Decision 346
John D. Arras,
The severely demented, minimally functional patient: An ethical analysis 351
Annotated bibliography 359
CHAPTER 7. EUTHANASIA AND THE DEFINITION OF DEATH 361
The morality of active euthanasia
James Rachels, Active and passive euthanasia 367
Thomas D. Sullivan, Active and passive euthanasia: An impertinent distinction? 371
James Rachels, More impertinent distinctions and a defense of active euthanasia 374
Active euthanasia and social policy
Marcia Angell, Euthanasia 382
Alex Ralph Demac, Thoughts on physician-assisted suicide 384
The definition of death
President’s Commission for the study of ethical problems in medicine and biomedical
and behavioral research,
Why “Update” death? 388
Charles M. Culver and Bernard Gert, The definition and criterion of death 389
Daniel Wikler, The definition of death and persistent vegetative state 397
Nutrition and hydration
Joanne Lynn and James F. Childress,
Must patients always be given food and water? 401
The treatment of impaired infants
H. Tristram Englehardt, Jr., Ethical issues in aiding the death of young children 408
John A. Robertson, Involuntary euthanasia of defective newborns 415
Members of the hasting center research project on the care of impaired newborns,
Standards of judgment for treatment of imperiled newborns 421
Annotated bibliography 424
CHAPTER 8. ABORTION AND MATERNAL/FETAL CONFLICTS 427
The morality of abortion
John T. Noonan, Jr., An almost absolute value in history 434
Mary Anne Warren, On the moral and legal status of abortion 438
Daniel Callahan, Abortion decisions: Personal morality 445
Jane English, Abortion and the concept of a person 447
Abortion and social policy
Justice Harry Blackmun, Majority opinion in Roe v. Wade 453
Justice William H. Rehnquist, Opinion in Webster v. Reproductive Health Services 457
Maternal/Fetal conflicts
Thomas H. Murray, Moral obligations to the not-yet born: The fetus as patient 463
Lawrence J. Nelson and Nancy Milliken,
Compelled medical treatment of pregnant women: Life, liberty, and law in conflict 472
Annotated bibliography 479
CHAPTER 9. GENETICS AND HUMAN REPRODUCTION 481
Reproductive risk, prenatal diagnosis, and selective abortion
L.M. Purdy, Genetic diseases: Can having children be immoral? 488
Leon R. Kass, Implications of prenatal diagnosis for the human right to life 495
Eric T. Juengst, Prenatal diagnosis and the ethics of uncertainty 499
Surrogate motherhood
John A. Robertson, Surrogate mothers: Not so novel after all 507
Herbert T. Krimmel, The case against surrogate parenting 514
Bonnie Steinbock, Baby M 520
Reproductive technologies
Peter Singer, Creating embryos 524
Susan Sherwin, Feminist ethics and In Vitro fertilization 532
LeRoy Walters, Ethical aspects of surrogate embryo transfer 536
Genetic engineering
H.J.J. Leenen, Genetic manipulation with human beings 539
Annotated bibliography 543
CHAPTER 10. JUSTICE AND HEALTH-CARE POLICY 545
Justice, Rights, and Societal obligations
Allen Buchanan, Justice: A philosophical review 552
Kai Nielson, Autonomy, equality and a just Health Care System 562
President’s Commission for the study of ethical problems in medicine and biomedical
ad behavioral research,
An ethical framework for access to Health Care 568
Macroallocation and the problem of rationing
Daniel Callahan, Meeting needs and rationing care 575
Age-Based rationing
James F. Childress, Ensuring care, respect, and fairness for the elderly 581
Daniel Callahan, Aging and the ends of medicine 587
Amitai Etzioni, Spare the old, save the young 593
Robert M. Veatch, Age-based allocation: Discrimination or justice? 596
Microallocation decisions
Nicholas P. Rescher, The allocation of exotic medical lifesaving therapy 598
George Annas,
The prostitute, the playboy, and the poet: Rationing schemes for organ transplantation 608
Policy decisions and individual responsibility for health
Robert M. Veatch, Voluntary risks to health: The ethical issues 613
Annotated bibliography 621
APPENDIX. CASE STUDIES 623
