Naujausi A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P R S T V W Y Z
Pavadinimas: CAUSING DEATH AND SAVING LIVES
Autoriai: JONATHAN GLOVER
Metai:
ISBN: 0-14-013479-4
Brūkšninis kodas: 4036705
Ieškoti VUB kataloge
Anotacija:
Acknowledgements 13
Preface 15
PART ONE: PROBLEMS AND METHODS
Chapter 1 The Problems 19
Chapter 2 The scope and limits of moral argument 22
1 Preliminaries 22
2 Moral disagreements 23
3 The interplay between responses and general beliefs 26
4 Why have general moral beliefs 29
5 Degrees of guidance 31
6 Is it futile to propose moral beliefs? 31
7 Imaginary cases 33
8 The possibility of disagreement 35
PART TWO: MORAL THEORY
Chapter 3 The sanctity of life 39
1 Direct objections and side-effects 40
2 Stating the principle of the sanctity of life 41
3 The boundary between life and death 43
4 “Being alive is intrinsically valuable” 45
5 “Being conscious is intrinsically valuable” 46
6 “Being human is intrinsically valuable” 50
7 The concept of a “Life worth living” 51
8 Is the desire to live the criterion of a Worth-While Life? 53
9 Length of life 54
10 The “No trade-off” view 57
11 The social effects of abandoning the sanctity of life 58
Chapter 4 Actual and potential people 60
1 Utilitarianism 62
2 The “Person-Affecting” restriction 66
3 Extra happy people 69
4 An evaluation of the utilitarian view of killing 71
Chapter 5 Autonomy and rights 74
1 Paternalism 75
2 When do questions of autonomy arise? 76
3 Respect for autonomy as an objection to killing independent of mental-state
utilitarianism 78
4 The preference for autonomy 80
5 Trade-off 82
6 Is there a right to life? 83
Chapter 6 Ends and means: Double effect 86
Chapter 7 Not striving to keep alive 92
1 The sources of strenght of the acts and omissions doctrine 94
2 Varietes of omission 95
3 Acts, omissions and negative utilitarianism 96
4 Probability of outcome 98
5 Side-effects 99
6 Who is wronged? 100
7 Not playing God 102
8 The view of father Zossima`s brother, and the impossibility of doing all good
things 104
9 Laws and conventional moral rules 107
10 Agents and moral critics 109
11 The effects of blame for ommisions 110
Chapter 8 Some conclusions 113
1 The direct wrongness of killing 113
2 Side-effects and the wrongness of killing 114
3 The possibility of beneficial side-effects 115
4 Saving lives 116
PART THREE: PRACTICE
Chapter 9 Abortion: The traditional approach 119
1 The claim that the foetus is a human being 121
2 The foetus as a potential person 122
3 When does one become a person? 123
4 The inadequacy of sharp boundaries 126
Chapter 10 Abortion: Women`s rights arguments 129
1 The appeal to self-defence 130
2 The ownership argument 131
3 The priority argument 132
4 Abortion and extraction135
Chapter 11 Abortion reconsidered 137
1 Abandoning the sanctity of life 138
2 How wrong is deliberate non-conception? 140
3 Side-effects of abortion 142
4 The morality of freely available abortion 144
5 When it is wrong not to have an abortion?145
6 Handicap and Worth-While life 147
7 A consequence of some “Sanctity of life” views 149
Chapter 12 Infanticide 150
1 The problem 150
2 Some traditional answers 154
3 Autonomy 156
4 Worth-While life 158
5 The relative weakness of the direct objections to infanticide 162
6 Side-effects: Those closely affected 163
7 Side-effects and society: The wedge problem 164
8 Towards a social policy 168
Chapter 13 Suicide and gambling with life 170
1 The variety of suicidal and near-suicidal acts 172
2 Questions for the person thinking of suicide 173
3 Intervention: The problems 175
4 Intervention: A policy 176
5 Paternalism and gambling with life 179
Chapter 14 Voluntary euthanasia 182
1 Problems of the euthanasia request 185
2 Side-effects 186
3 Suggestion 188
Chapter 15 Euthanasia without request 190
1 Repudiation of involuntary euthanasia 191
2 Non-voluntary euthanasia 192
3 Lives not worth living 192
4 The alternatives 194
5 Ordinary and extraordinary means 195
6 Not prolonging dying 197
7 An assessment of the alternatives 198
8 Side-effects: Franz Stangl 201
Chapter 16 Numbers 203
1 Choises in ignorance 205
2 The maximizing policy 206
3 Certain death for a known person and “Statistical” death 210
4 Medical experiments 213
Chapter 17 Choises between people 217
1 Interventionism 218
2 Lives or Life-years: The relevance of age 220
3 Side-effects 222
4 Quality of life 223
5 Moral status 224
6 Theory and practice 226
Chapter 18 Execution and assassination 228
1 The absolutist rejection of capital punishment 231
2 A utilitarian approach 233
3 Deterrence and murder 236
4 Deterrence and political crimes by opposition groups 240
5 Deterrence and political crimes by the authorities 243
6 Assassination and terrorism 246
7 Gambling with the lives of others 249
Chapter 19 War 251
1 The views of patriots and other believers 253
2 Absolute pacifism 255
3 Contingent pacifism 258
4 Government decisions for and against nuclear war 261
5 Nuclear threats and deterrence 264
6 Government decisions for and against conventional war: Aggresion and
defence 268
7 Individual decisions about participation in war 270
8 War crimes and the rules of war 273
9 Revolution and wars of national liberation 279
10 Concluding note 284
Chapter 20 Moral Distance 286
1 Moral distance 286
2 Defence mechanisms 290
3 Rationalist man 292
4 Difficulty and intuitive basis 293
5 Moral conservatism 295
Bibliography 299
Index 325
Autoriai: JONATHAN GLOVER
Metai:
ISBN: 0-14-013479-4
Brūkšninis kodas: 4036705
Ieškoti VUB kataloge
Anotacija:
"An excellent example of the way in which moral philosophy can illuminate, and be illuminated by, practical problems" - Journal of Medical Ethics
Questions about killing are among the most acute of moral problems. Often, however, our thinking about them is confused and clouded with emotion, so that someone who supports capital punishment may well condemn abortion, using diametrically opposed arguments in each case.
Jonathan Glover examines the arguments we use in prohibiting or justifying the killing of others and considers the practical problems that we have to face. He looks at the moral difficulties posed by the advance of modern medicine, at the theories of capital punishment and, turning to wider social and political concerns, at the justifications advanced for assassination, revolution and war. Throughout, humanity and logic combine to make this a clear, concise and necessary book for all concerned with a broad range of vital contemporary issues.
Acknowledgements 13
Preface 15
PART ONE: PROBLEMS AND METHODS
Chapter 1 The Problems 19
Chapter 2 The scope and limits of moral argument 22
1 Preliminaries 22
2 Moral disagreements 23
3 The interplay between responses and general beliefs 26
4 Why have general moral beliefs 29
5 Degrees of guidance 31
6 Is it futile to propose moral beliefs? 31
7 Imaginary cases 33
8 The possibility of disagreement 35
PART TWO: MORAL THEORY
Chapter 3 The sanctity of life 39
1 Direct objections and side-effects 40
2 Stating the principle of the sanctity of life 41
3 The boundary between life and death 43
4 “Being alive is intrinsically valuable” 45
5 “Being conscious is intrinsically valuable” 46
6 “Being human is intrinsically valuable” 50
7 The concept of a “Life worth living” 51
8 Is the desire to live the criterion of a Worth-While Life? 53
9 Length of life 54
10 The “No trade-off” view 57
11 The social effects of abandoning the sanctity of life 58
Chapter 4 Actual and potential people 60
1 Utilitarianism 62
2 The “Person-Affecting” restriction 66
3 Extra happy people 69
4 An evaluation of the utilitarian view of killing 71
Chapter 5 Autonomy and rights 74
1 Paternalism 75
2 When do questions of autonomy arise? 76
3 Respect for autonomy as an objection to killing independent of mental-state
utilitarianism 78
4 The preference for autonomy 80
5 Trade-off 82
6 Is there a right to life? 83
Chapter 6 Ends and means: Double effect 86
Chapter 7 Not striving to keep alive 92
1 The sources of strenght of the acts and omissions doctrine 94
2 Varietes of omission 95
3 Acts, omissions and negative utilitarianism 96
4 Probability of outcome 98
5 Side-effects 99
6 Who is wronged? 100
7 Not playing God 102
8 The view of father Zossima`s brother, and the impossibility of doing all good
things 104
9 Laws and conventional moral rules 107
10 Agents and moral critics 109
11 The effects of blame for ommisions 110
Chapter 8 Some conclusions 113
1 The direct wrongness of killing 113
2 Side-effects and the wrongness of killing 114
3 The possibility of beneficial side-effects 115
4 Saving lives 116
PART THREE: PRACTICE
Chapter 9 Abortion: The traditional approach 119
1 The claim that the foetus is a human being 121
2 The foetus as a potential person 122
3 When does one become a person? 123
4 The inadequacy of sharp boundaries 126
Chapter 10 Abortion: Women`s rights arguments 129
1 The appeal to self-defence 130
2 The ownership argument 131
3 The priority argument 132
4 Abortion and extraction135
Chapter 11 Abortion reconsidered 137
1 Abandoning the sanctity of life 138
2 How wrong is deliberate non-conception? 140
3 Side-effects of abortion 142
4 The morality of freely available abortion 144
5 When it is wrong not to have an abortion?145
6 Handicap and Worth-While life 147
7 A consequence of some “Sanctity of life” views 149
Chapter 12 Infanticide 150
1 The problem 150
2 Some traditional answers 154
3 Autonomy 156
4 Worth-While life 158
5 The relative weakness of the direct objections to infanticide 162
6 Side-effects: Those closely affected 163
7 Side-effects and society: The wedge problem 164
8 Towards a social policy 168
Chapter 13 Suicide and gambling with life 170
1 The variety of suicidal and near-suicidal acts 172
2 Questions for the person thinking of suicide 173
3 Intervention: The problems 175
4 Intervention: A policy 176
5 Paternalism and gambling with life 179
Chapter 14 Voluntary euthanasia 182
1 Problems of the euthanasia request 185
2 Side-effects 186
3 Suggestion 188
Chapter 15 Euthanasia without request 190
1 Repudiation of involuntary euthanasia 191
2 Non-voluntary euthanasia 192
3 Lives not worth living 192
4 The alternatives 194
5 Ordinary and extraordinary means 195
6 Not prolonging dying 197
7 An assessment of the alternatives 198
8 Side-effects: Franz Stangl 201
Chapter 16 Numbers 203
1 Choises in ignorance 205
2 The maximizing policy 206
3 Certain death for a known person and “Statistical” death 210
4 Medical experiments 213
Chapter 17 Choises between people 217
1 Interventionism 218
2 Lives or Life-years: The relevance of age 220
3 Side-effects 222
4 Quality of life 223
5 Moral status 224
6 Theory and practice 226
Chapter 18 Execution and assassination 228
1 The absolutist rejection of capital punishment 231
2 A utilitarian approach 233
3 Deterrence and murder 236
4 Deterrence and political crimes by opposition groups 240
5 Deterrence and political crimes by the authorities 243
6 Assassination and terrorism 246
7 Gambling with the lives of others 249
Chapter 19 War 251
1 The views of patriots and other believers 253
2 Absolute pacifism 255
3 Contingent pacifism 258
4 Government decisions for and against nuclear war 261
5 Nuclear threats and deterrence 264
6 Government decisions for and against conventional war: Aggresion and
defence 268
7 Individual decisions about participation in war 270
8 War crimes and the rules of war 273
9 Revolution and wars of national liberation 279
10 Concluding note 284
Chapter 20 Moral Distance 286
1 Moral distance 286
2 Defence mechanisms 290
3 Rationalist man 292
4 Difficulty and intuitive basis 293
5 Moral conservatism 295
Bibliography 299
Index 325
